Ephedra fragilis in world checklist of selected plant families. Taking ephedra seems to produce weight loss of approximately 0. Ephedra species ephedra fragilis name synonyms ephedra fragilis subsp. The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. Stapf ephedra macedonica kosanin homonyms ephedra foeminea forssk. Ephedra alkaloids were extracted from various plant parts and after. Deep healing energy 528hz ancient frequency sound healing session zen meditation duration. Ephedra products contain ephedra haulm or extracts of ephedra haulm and their ephedra alkaloid content differs widely. Ephedraceae, a locally cultivated medicinal plant, is a source of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, two important alkaloids, which have long played an important pharmacological role.
Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. Ephedra can produce modest weight loss when used with exercise and a lowfat diet, but it can cause serious side effects, even in healthy people who follow product dosage directions. Ephedra the ephedra family, ephedraceae, has but one genus, ephedra. Freshney, culture of animal cells, a manual of basic technique, alan r liss, new york, 1988 24. Ephedraceae, a locally cultivated medicinal plant, is a source of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, two important alkaloids. One famous species, ephedra sinica, is the source for the chinese supplement ma huang. Artist barrie gledden, ryan spendlove, steve dymond, jason pedder. Ephedra viridis is the most common ephedra in our area, but any one of the three. It can also be sown in spring in a greenhouse in a sandy compost. Some dozen or so species occur in the western united states, with three ephedra viridis, ephedra cutleri, ephedra torreyana common in the four corners area.
Ephedra fragilis in kew science plants of the world online. The distinctive gymnosperm genus ephedra is sometimes considered to have originated over 200. Ephedra nebrodensis efedra dei monti nebrodi flora. Pdf chemical composition of various ephedra species. Ephedra profile ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. The text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attribution license version 3. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Ephedra fragilis ephedraceae ephedra nebrodensis ephedraceae ephedra viridis ephedraceae eremophila divaricata scrophulariaceae. Media in category ephedra fragilis the following 30 files are in this category, out of 30 total. Efsa panel on food additives and nutrient sources added to food ans 2, 3. The joint pine of the eastern mediterranean region is e.
Renner 1university of alaska, ua museum of the north herbarium and institute of arctic biology, fairbanks, ak 997756960, usa. Ephedra fragilis moris, 1828 ephedra fragilis lowe bibliographic references. Epidermal patterning and stomatal development in gnetales. Other woodsshrubs tamarix, pistacia atlantica, crataegus azarolus, styrax of. The actual quantity may also differ considerably from that stated. The role of pollination drops in animal pollination in the mediterranean gymnosperm ephedra fragilis gnetales. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, highresolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. This ephedra extract has been a part of traditional chinese medicine for over 2,000 years in fact, ephedra is one of the oldest plants to be used medicinally by early humans. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the northern hemisphere, across southern europe, north africa, southwest and central asia, southwestern north america, and, in the southern hemisphere, in south america south to patagonia. Pdf distribution of the genus ephedra ephedraceae in calabria. Pdf the role of pollination drops in animal pollination in the. Lscs of ephedra are perigene cells derived from cell files adjacent to the stomatal meristemoids. Ephedra ephedra californicaover 50 species of ephedra, or joint fir, can be found growing all around the world.
Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. The record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332930 with original publication details. The results can also be downloaded as a csv file unicode utf8 encoding see status, confidence level, source for definitions. Scientific opinion on safety evaluation of ephedra species for use in food. The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. Evidence for a double mutualistic interaction between a lizard and a. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. In contrast, lscs of gnetum and welwitschia are mesogene cells derived from the stomatal meristemoids. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
The ans panel provides a scientific opinion evaluating the safety in use of ephedra herb and its preparations originating. Estimation of the age of extant ephedra using chloroplast rbc l. Ephedra is dioecious, and the two sex organs are present on different plants. Ephedra fragilis, commonly named the joint pine, is a species of ephedra that is native to. A new species of ephedra ephedraceae, ephedrales from india. Effects of ephedrine and ephedra fragilis crude extracts on human. Ephedra fragilis showed to be mostly anemophilous, lizards and insects playing only a minor role on seed set.
Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form. Ephedra fragilis is an evergreen shrub growing to 1. Ephedra californica and ephedra viridis contain pseudoephedrine, but no ephedrine adams jr. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Stomata of all three genera possess lateral subsidiary cells lscs. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra. Onlytwopollentypes,thefragilistype with straight valleys and the distachyatype withbranchedvalleys,arementioned. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major, ephedra distachya subsp. The present study investigated the in vitro effects of ephedrine and the ephedra branch extract on unstimulated lymphocytes. Occasionally, an ovulate flower may be replaced by a staminal flower, and thus the strobilus becomes bisporangiate as in e. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with. This is the profile for the plant ephedra fragilis jointpine efedra. Scientific opinion on safety evaluation of ephedra species. A fossilcalibrated relaxed clock for ephedra indicates an oligocene age for the divergence of asian and new world clades and miocene dispersal into south america 1stefanie m.
Ephedra species ephedra foeminea name synonyms ephedra campylopoda c. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major. The plants database includes the following 19 species of ephedra. Seed best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a greenhouse. This page was last edited on 9 december 2014, at 03. California ephedra plant provided various benefits for. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. Chemical composition of various ephedra species ncbi.
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